What are NCDs?
Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are chronic conditions that are not passed from person to person. They include cardiovascular diseases (such as heart attacks and strokes), cancers, chronic respiratory diseases (like COPD and asthma), and diabetes. Together, these four groups combined account for over 80% of all NCD-related deaths worldwide [1].
Unlike infectious diseases, NCDs often develop slowly, driven by a combination of lifestyle, environmental, and genetic factors. The main risk factors are well known: tobacco use, unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, and harmful use of alcohol. But emerging determinants — such as stress, poor sleep, and limited access to preventive care — are increasingly recognized.
Why NCDs Matter
NCDs are the leading cause of death globally, responsible for nearly three-quarters of all deaths (41 million people every year) [1]. Beyond the human toll, they carry enormous economic and social costs. In Switzerland, for example, more than 80% of total health spending is linked to the management of chronic conditions, not their prevention.
For employers, insurers, and governments alike, NCDs drive productivity loss, disability, and rising healthcare expenditure. They affect not only health systems but also economies, education, and social stability.
